physics

Waves & Optics

Light, sound, and vibrations — explore interference patterns, standing waves, refraction, and the electromagnetic spectrum through interactive wave simulations.

wavesopticsinterferencerefractionelectromagnetic spectrumsoundlight

Waves are everywhere — from the light reaching your eyes to the sound entering your ears, from ocean swells to the quantum wavefunctions that govern atoms. Understanding waves means understanding how energy propagates through space and time, how patterns of constructive and destructive interference create the rich phenomena we observe.

These simulations explore the fundamental physics of waves and optics. Watch two waves interfere to create patterns of reinforcement and cancellation. Observe how light bends when it enters glass. Hear the harmonics that give musical instruments their distinctive timbre. Explore the vast electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays.

6 interactive simulations

simulator

Single-Slit Diffraction

Watch light spread and form diffraction patterns through a single slit, revealing the wave nature of light and the counter-intuitive relationship between slit width and pattern width.

simulator

Doppler Effect Simulator

Watch wavefronts compress and stretch as a source moves, demonstrating the Doppler shift that changes the pitch of sirens and the color of stars.

simulator

Electromagnetic Spectrum Explorer

Navigate the full electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays, exploring wavelength, frequency, energy, and real-world applications of each band.

simulator

Snell's Law & Refraction

Watch light bend as it passes between materials of different refractive indices, and discover the critical angle for total internal reflection.

simulator

Standing Waves & Harmonics

Watch a vibrating string form standing wave patterns with nodes and antinodes, exploring how tension, density, and harmonic number determine pitch.

simulator

Wave Interference & Superposition

Visualize how two waves combine through superposition, producing constructive and destructive interference patterns including beats.