earth-sciences

Hydrology & Water Systems

The science of water movement through Earth's systems — rainfall-runoff modeling, groundwater flow dynamics, flood wave routing, evapotranspiration budgets, and integrated watershed behavior.

hydrologywater cyclerainfallgroundwaterflood routingevapotranspirationwatershed

Hydrology is the study of water's movement, distribution, and quality across the Earth's surface and subsurface. From predicting flash floods to managing aquifer depletion, hydrological models underpin water resource engineering, agricultural irrigation, and disaster preparedness worldwide.

These simulations let you model rainfall-runoff responses, trace groundwater flow through porous media, route flood waves down river channels, estimate evapotranspiration losses, and build integrated watershed models — all with physically grounded equations and real-time visual feedback.

5 interactive simulations

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Evapotranspiration & Water Budget

Simulate evapotranspiration rates using the Penman-Monteith method — explore temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and humidity to estimate water loss from vegetated surfaces

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Flood Wave Routing & Attenuation

Simulate flood wave propagation through a river channel — explore inflow peak, channel storage, travel time, and weighting factor to predict downstream hydrograph attenuation

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Groundwater Flow & Aquifer Dynamics

Simulate groundwater flow through porous media — explore hydraulic conductivity, head gradient, porosity, and aquifer thickness to visualize Darcy flow and drawdown cones

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Rainfall-Runoff Response Model

Simulate how precipitation transforms into surface runoff — explore rainfall intensity, soil infiltration capacity, curve number, and basin lag to predict hydrograph shape

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Integrated Watershed Model

Simulate an integrated watershed water balance — explore precipitation, land use, soil type, and slope to track partitioning between runoff, infiltration, ET, and baseflow